Коллектив авторов - Государство наций: Империя и национальное строительство в эпоху Ленина и Сталина
37
BeissingerM. R. The Persisting Ambiguity of Empire // Post-Soviet Affairs. 1995.11. №2. P. 155.
38
Ibid.
39
Среди них: конференция «Великодержавная этническая политика: империя Габсбургов и Советский Союз», состоявшаяся в Центре Австрийских исследований (Университет Миннесоты) 26–28 апреля 1990 г., по материалам которой был составлен сборник под редакцией Рудольфа и Гуда (см. прим. 3); симпозиум Совета социологических исследования (SSRC) на тему «Конец Империи: Причины и следствия» в Институте Гарримана (Колумбийский университет) 20–21 ноября 1994 г. и последующая публикация: After Empire: Multinational Societies and Nation-Building: The Soviet Union and the Russian, Ottoman, and Habsburg Empires / Ed. K. Barkey, M. v. Hagen. Boulder; Colo.: Westview Press, 1997 и конференция «Распад и восстановление империй: СССР и Россия с точки зрения компаративизма», проведенная в Калифорнийском университете, Сан-Диего, 10–12 января 1996 г., материалы которой тоже были опубликованы: The End of Empire? The Transformation of the USSR in Comparative Perspective / Ed. K. Dawisha, B. Parrott. Armonk; N. Y: Sharpe, 1997. См. также дебаты: Beissinger M. R. The Persisting Ambiguity of Empire и ответ: Suny R. G. Ambiguous Categories: States, Empire and Nations // Post-Soviet Affairs. 1995. 11. № 2. P. 185–196. См. также: Lieven D. Empire: The Russian Empire and Its Rivals. L.: Murray, 2000.
40
Pagden A. Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France. С 1500–1800. New Haven; Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995. P. 12. (Русский перевод К.А. Тананушко в: Макиавелли Н. Государь. Минск, 1999. С. 8. — Примеч. пер.)
41
Ibid. P. 15.
42
Ibid.
43
Ibid. P. 16.
44
Ibid. P. 17
45
Ibid. P. 27–28.
46
Doyle M. W. Empires. Ithaca; N. Y: Cornell University Press, 1986. P. 45.
47
Ibid. P. 12.
48
Armstrong J. A. Nations before Nationalism. Capel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982. P. 131.
49
Doyle. Empires. P. 45.
50
Ibid. P. 17.
51
Goqek F. M. The Social Construction of an Empire: Ottoman State under Suleiman the Magnificent // Suleiman II and His Time / Ed. H. Inalcik, С. Каfadar. Istanbul: Isis Press, 1993. P. 93–108.
52
BeissingerM. R. Demise of an Empire-State: Identity, Legitimacy, and the Deconstruction of Soviet Politics // The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay & / Ed. С Young. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. P. 98,99.
53
Красноречивое замечание Марка Бейссинджера.
54
Brubaker R. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge; Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992. P. 22.
55
Hechter M. Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1536–1966. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975. P. 60–64.
56
См., например: Balibar Е. The Nation Form: History and Ideology // E. Balibar, I. Wallerstein. Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. L.: Verso, 1983; rev. ed. 1991.
57
Brubaker. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. P. 22, 27.
58
См.: Anderson В. Official Nationalism and Imperialism // Imagined Communities. P. 83–112 и неопубликованную статью: BurbankJ. The Imperial Construction of Nationality.
59
Об Османской империи см.: Suny R. G. Religion, Ethnicity, and Nationalism: Armenians, Turks and the End of the Ottoman Empire // In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century / Ed. O. Bartov, Ph. Mack. Oxford: Berghahn Press, 2001.
60
См.: Cooper E., Packard R. Introduction // International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge / Ed. F. Cooper, R. Packard. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. P. 1–41.
61
Doyle. Empires. P. 71–72.
62
De-scribing Empire: Post-Colonialism and Textuality / Ed. С Tiffin, A. Lawson. L.: Routledge, 1994. P. 3.
63
Said E. W. Orientalism. N. Y.: Pantheon, 1978; Idem. Culture and Imperialism. N. Y.: Knopf, 1993.
64
Cooper E., Stoler A. L. Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda // Idem. Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. P. 1.
65
Ibid.
66
Ibid. P. 9.
67
Ibid. P. 40,36–37.
68
Kahler M. Empires, Neo-Empires, and Political Change: The British and French Experience // The End of Empire? / Ed. D. Parrott. P. 288.
69
Ibid.
70
Bushkovitch P. What Is Russia? Russian National Consciousness and the State, 1500–1917. P. 3 (неопубликованная статья).
71
Wortman R. Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy: Vol. I. From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I. Princeton; N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
72
Ibid. P. 6.
73
Об этом см.: Kappeler A. Russland als Vielvolkerreich: Entstehung, Geschichte, Zerfall. Miinchen: С.Н. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1992. Я пользовался французским переводом Ги Имара: La Russie, Empire multiethnique. P.: Institut d'Etudes Slave, 1994. P. 25–30.
74
Riasnovsky N. V. Historical Consciousness and National Identity: Some Considerations on the History of Russian Nationalism. New Orleans: Graduate School of Tulane University, 1991. P. 2–3; Pritsak 0. The Origin of Rus' // Russian Review. 1977.36. № 3. P. 249–273.
75
Kivelson V. Merciful Father, Impersonal State: Russian Autocracy in Comparative Perspective// Modern Asia Studies. 1997.31. № 3. P. 637–638.
76
Cherniavsky M. Russia // National Consciousness, History, and Political Culture in Early-Modern Europe / Ed. O. Ranum. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975. P. 119–121.
77
Guriff G., Guroff A. The Paradox of Russian National Identity // The Influence of Ethnicity on Russian Foreign Policy. 1993. № 16. P. 7–9 (доклад на конференции [Russian Littoral Project Conference]).
78
Hellie R. Slavery in Russia, 1450–1725. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982. P. 392.
79
Ibid.
80
Kivelson. Merciful Father, Impersonal State. P. 643.
81
Wortman. Scenarios of Power. P. 25.
82
Ibid. P. 28.
83
Cherniaysky. Russia. P. 123; см. также: Idem. Khan or Basileus: An Aspect of Russian Medieval Political Theory //Journal of the History of Ideas. 1959. 20. P. 459–476; репринт статьи в: The Structure of Russian History: Interpretive Essays / Ed. M. Cherniaysky. N. Y.: Random House, 1970. P. 65–79; и Tsar and People: Studies in Russian Myths. New Haven; Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961.
84
Bushkovitch P. The Formation of a National Consciousness in Early Modern Russia // Harvard Ukranian Studies. 1986.10. № 3–4. P. 363.
85
Khodarkovsky M. From Frontier to Empire: The Concept of the Frontier in Russia, Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries // Russian History. 1992. 19. Nb 1–4. P. 115–128; Idem. Where Two Worlds Met: The Russian State and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600–1771. Ithaca; N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992. Idem. Of Christianity, Enlightenment and Colonialism: Russia in the North Caucasus, 1550–1800 //Journal of Modern History. 1999.71. № 2. P. 394–430.
86
Raeff M. Patterns of Russian Imperial Policy toward the Nationalities // Soviet Nationality Problems / Ed. E. Allworth. N. Y.: Columbia University Press, 1971. P. 22–42.
87
Slezkine Yu. Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North. Ithaca; N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1994. P. 41–45.
88
Ibid. P. 44–45.
89
Cracraft J. Empire versus Nation: Russian Political Theory under Peter I // Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 1986. 10. № 3–4. P. 524–540; репринт в: Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia / Ed. J. Cracraft. Lexington: Heath, 1994. P. 224–234. Далее цитаты приводятся по последнему изданию.
90
Wortman. Scenarios of Power. P. 33.
91
Ibid. P. 38.
92
Ibid. P. 6.
93
Ibid. P. 41.
94
Ibid. P. 44.
95
Ibid. P. 61.
96
Ibid. P. 64.
97
Cherniavsky. Russia. P. 141.
98
Ibid. P. 140.
99
Cracraft. Empire versus Nation. P. 225.
100
Wortman. Scenarios of Power. P. 81.
101
Ibid. P. 82; обсуждение государства — защитника интересов дворянства см. в статье: Suny R. G. Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial State and Its Historians // Comparative Studies in Society and History. 1989. 31. № 1. P. 168–179.
102
Wortman. Scenarios of Power. P. 82–83.
103
Whittaker С.Н. The Idea of Autocracy among Eighteenth-Century Russian Historians // Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire / Ed. J. Burbank, D. Ransel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. P. 32–59.
104
Ibid. P. 41.
105
Wortman. Scenarios of Power. P. 136.
106
Raeff. Patterns of Russian Imperial Policy toward the nationalism; Idem. In the Imperial Manner // Catherine the Great: A Profile / Ed. M. Raeff. N. Y: Hill & Wang, 1972. P. 197–246; Starr S. F. Tsarist Government: The Imperial Dimension // Soviet Nationality Policies and Prctices / Ed. J. Azrael. N. Y.: Praeger, 1978. P. 3–38.